Ap Biology Chapter 56 Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology Reading Guide

Chapter 56 Conservation Biological science and Restoration Environmental Power. Point® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Overview: Striking Aureate • ane. 8 meg species accept been named and described. • Biologists estimate x– 200 million species exist on Earth. • Tropical forests contain some of the greatest concentrations of species and are beingness destroyed at an alarming rate. • Humans are chop-chop pushing many species toward extinction. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Instruction, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Tropical deforestation in West Kalimantan, Indonesian

• Conservation biology seeks to preserve life and integrates several fields: – Ecology – Physiology – Molecular biology – Genetics – Evolutionary biology • Restoration ecology applies ecological principles to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar equally possible to their natural state. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Human activities threaten Earth'due south biodiversity • Rates of species extinction are difficult to decide under natural conditions. • The high rate of species extinction is largely a result of ecosystem degradation by humans. • Humans are threatening Earth'due south biodiversity. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Three Levels of Biodiversity • Biodiversity has three master components: – Genetic diversity – Species diversity – Ecosystem variety Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Three Levels of Biodiversity Genetic diversity in a vole population Species diversity in a littoral redwood ecosystem Community and ecosystem diversity across the landscape of an entire region

Genetic Diversity & Species Diversity • Genetic diversity comprises genetic variation within a population and betwixt populations. • Species diversity is the diversity of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere. • According to the U. Southward. Endangered Species Human action: – An endangered species is "in danger of condign extinct throughout all or a pregnant portion of its range" – A threatened species is probable to become endangered in the foreseeable future. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Ecosystem Diversity • Human action is reducing ecosystem diversity, the multifariousness of ecosystems in the biosphere. • More than 50% of wetlands in the contiguous United states take been drained and converted to other ecosystems. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Didactics, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The endangered Marianas "flying play tricks" bat is an important pollinator

Biodiversity and Human being Welfare • Human being biophilia allows us to recognize the value of biodiversity for its own sake. • Species diversity brings humans practical benefits. The enormous genetic diverseness of organisms has potential for dandy human benefit. • In the U.s.a., 25% of prescriptions contain substances originally derived from plants. • For case, the rosy periwinkle contains alkaloids that inhibit cancer growth. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Instruction, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The rosy periwinkle, a plant that saves lives

Ecosystem Services • Ecosystem services encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species assistance sustain human life. • Some examples of ecosystem services: – Purification of air and water – Detoxification and decomposition of wastes – Cycling of nutrients – Moderation of atmospheric condition extremes. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing equally Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Three Threats to Biodiversity • Most species loss tin can be traced to iii major threats: – Habitat destruction – Introduced species – Overexploitation • Human amending of habitat is the greatest threat to biodiversity throughout the biosphere. • In near all cases, habitat fragmentation and destruction lead to loss of biodiversity. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduced Species • Introduced species are those that humans motility from native locations to new geographic regions. • Without their native predators, parasites, and pathogens, introduced species may spread quickly. • Introduced species that gain a foothold in a new habitat ordinarily disrupt their adopted community. • Sometimes humans introduce species by accident, as in example of the brown tree snake arriving in Guam every bit a cargo ship "stowaway. " Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing every bit Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Overexploitation • Overexploitation is human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound. • Overexploitation by the fishing manufacture has profoundly reduced populations of some game fish, such equally bluefin tuna. • Dna analysis tin can help conservation biologists to identify the source of illegally obtained creature products. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Overexploitation

Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat • Biologists focusing on conservation at the population and species levels follow two main approaches: – The modest-population approach – The failing-population arroyo Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Pocket-sized-Population Approach • The small-population approach studies processes that can make minor populations get extinct. • A small population is prone to positive-feedback loops that depict it downward an extinction vortex. • The fundamental cistron driving the extinction vortex is loss of the genetic variation necessary to enable evolutionary responses to environmental modify. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing equally Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Processes culminating in an extinction vortex Pocket-sized population Inbreeding Genetic drift Lower reproduction College mortality Reduction in private fitness and population adaptability Smaller population Loss of genetic variability

Minimum Viable Population Size • Minimum feasible population MVP is the minimum population size at which a species can survive. • The MVP depends on factors that touch a population's chances for survival over a item time. • A meaningful guess of MVP requires determining the effective population size, which is based on the population'due south breeding potential. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Case Written report: Analysis of Grizzly Comport Populations • One of the offset population viability analyses was conducted as part of a long-term study of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park. • This grizzly population is virtually 400, but the Ne is nearly 100. • The Yellowstone grizzly population has depression genetic variability compared with other grizzly populations. • Introducing individuals from other populations would increase the numbers and genetic variation. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Instruction, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Long-term monitoring of a grizzly behave population

Declining-Population Approach • The declining-population approach – Focuses on threatened and endangered populations that show a downward trend, regardless of population size. – Emphasizes the environmental factors that caused a population to turn down. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing equally Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Steps for Assay and Intervention • The failing-population approach involves several steps: – Confirm that the population is in decline – Study the species' natural history – Develop hypotheses for all possible causes of refuse – Examination the hypotheses in order of likeliness – Employ the results of the diagnosis to manage for recovery. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing equally Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Weighing Conflicting Demands • Conserving species often requires resolving conflicts between habitat needs of endangered species and man demands. • For example, in the U. South. Pacific Northwest, habitat preservation for many species is at odds with timber and mining industries. • Managing habitat for one species might accept positive or negative effects on other species. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing equally Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Landscape and regional conservation aim to sustain entire biotas • Conservation biology has attempted to sustain the biodiversity of entire communities, ecosystems, and landscapes. • Ecosystem management is part of mural ecology, which seeks to make biodiversity conservation function of land-employ planning. • The structure of a landscape tin strongly influence biodiversity. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing every bit Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fragmentation and Edges • The boundaries, or edges, between ecosystems are defining features of landscapes. • Some species take advantage of edge communities to access resources from both adjacent areas. • The Biological Dynamics of Wood Fragments Projection in the Amazon examines the effects of fragmentation on biodiversity. • Landscapes dominated by fragmented habitats support fewer species due to a loss of species adjusted to habitat interiors. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Instruction, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Edges betwixt ecosystems (a) Natural edges (b) Edges created by human activity

Corridors That Connect Habitat Fragments • A movement corridor is a narrow strip of quality habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches. • Movement corridors promote dispersal and help sustain populations. • In areas of heavy human employ, artificial corridors are sometimes constructed. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing every bit Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An artificial corridor

Establishing Protected Areas • Conservation biologists apply understanding of ecological dynamics in establishing protected areas to irksome the loss of biodiversity. Much of their focus has been on hot spots of biological diversity. • A biodiversity hot spot is a relatively small area with a great concentration of endemic species and many endangered and threatened species. • Biodiversity hot spots are skillful choices for nature reserves, merely identifying them is not ever easy. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Globe's terrestrial and marine biodiversity hot spots Terrestrial biodiversity hot spots Equator Marine biodiversity hot spots

Philosophy of Nature Reserves • Nature reserves are biodiversity islands in a sea of habitat degraded by human activeness. • Nature reserves must consider disturbances as a functional component of all ecosystems. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• An important question is whether to create fewer large reserves or more numerous small reserves. • I statement for all-encompassing reserves is that big, far-ranging animals with low-density populations crave extensive habitats. • Smaller reserves may exist more realistic, and may ho-hum the spread of affliction throughout a population. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Didactics, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Zoned Reserves • The zoned reserve model recognizes that conservation ofttimes involves working in landscapes that are largely man dominated. • A zoned reserve includes relatively undisturbed areas and the modified areas that surround them and that serve as buffer zones. • Zoned reserves are ofttimes established as "conservation areas. " • Costa rica has become a globe leader in establishing zoned reserves. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing every bit Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Zoned reserves in Costa rica Nicaragua Caribbean SEA Costa Rica Pa na ma National park land Buffer zone PACIFIC Ocean (a) Zoned reserves in Costa rica (b) Schoolchildren in 1 of Costa rica's reserves

• Some zoned reserves in the Fiji islands are closed to fishing, which actually improves line-fishing success in nearby areas. • The United States has adopted a similar zoned reserve arrangement with the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing every bit Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A diver measuring coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary GULF OF MEXICO FLORIDA Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary l km

Restoration environmental attempts to restore degraded ecosystems to a more natural state • Given enough time, biological communities can recover from many types of disturbances. • Restoration ecology seeks to initiate or speed upward the recovery of degraded ecosystems. • A bones assumption of restoration ecology is that about environmental harm is reversible. • Two primal strategies are bioremediation and augmentation of ecosystem processes. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

A gravel and clay mine site in New Bailiwick of jersey before and afterward restoration (a) In 1991, before restoration (b) In 2000, near the completion of restoration

Bioremediation • Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems. • The organisms most often used are prokaryotes, fungi, or plants. • These organisms can take up, and sometimes metabolize, toxic molecules. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Educational activity, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Biological Augmentation • Biological augmentation uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem. • For example, nitrogen-fixing plants can increase the bachelor nitrogen in soil. • The newness and complexity of restoration ecology require that ecologists consider alternative solutions and adjust approaches based on experience. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Restoration environmental worldwide Equator

Restoration ecology Truckee River, Nevada

Restoration Ecology Kissimmee River, Florida

Restoration Ecology Rhine River, Europe

Sustainable development seeks to ameliorate the human being condition while conserving biodiversity • The concept of sustainability helps ecologists constitute long-term conservation priorities. • Sustainable development is evolution that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of futurity generations to run across their needs. • The goal of the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative is to define and acquire basic ecological information for responsible development, management, and conservation of Earth's resources. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing every bit Pearson Benjamin Cummings

• Sustainable evolution requires connections betwixt life sciences, social sciences, economics, and humanities. • Case Study: Republic of costa rica's conservation of tropical biodiversity involves partnerships between the government, other organizations, and private citizens. • Human living conditions (baby mortality, life expectancy, literacy charge per unit) in Costa rica accept improved along with ecological conservation. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing every bit Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Future of the Biosphere • Our lives differ profoundly from early on humans who hunted and gathered and painted on cave walls. • Our behavior reflects remnants of our ancestral attachment to nature and the multifariousness of life— the concept of biophilia. • Our sense of connectedness to nature may motivate realignment of our environmental priorities. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

(a) Item of animals in a 36, 000 -year-one-time cave painting, Lascaux, French republic Biophilia: past and nowadays (b) A thirty, 000 -yr-old ivory carving of a water bird, constitute in Federal republic of germany (c) Biologist Carlos Rivera Gonzales examining a tiny tree frog in Peru

Review Genetic diversity: source of variations that enable populations to conform to ecology changes Species diversity: important in maintaining structure of communities and nutrient webs Ecosystem multifariousness: Provide life-sustaining services such as nutrient cycling and waste decomposition

You should at present be able to: 1. Distinguish between conservation biology and restoration biology. two. List the three major threats to biodiversity and requite an case of each. three. Ascertain and compare the small-scale-population approach and the failing-population approach. four. Distinguish between the full population size and the effective population size. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

5. Depict the conflicting demands that may accompany species conservation. half-dozen. Ascertain biodiversity hot spots and explain why they are important. 7. Define zoned reserves and explicate why they are of import. 8. Explain the importance of bioremediation and biological augmentation of ecosystem processes in restoration efforts. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Pedagogy, Inc. , publishing every bit Pearson Benjamin Cummings

9. Describe the concept of sustainable development. 10. Explain the goals of the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing equally Pearson Benjamin Cummings

turmanwerighly82.blogspot.com

Source: https://slidetodoc.com/chapter-56-conservation-biology-and-restoration-ecology-power/

Share this post